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سیاسی و روابط بین الملل::
سیاست صنعتی
Thus, it highlights the processes of 'neo-liberalization' that led key policy actors to embrace or accept neo-liberal ideas as the means of pursuing their interests rather than alternatives centred on mercantilism, industrial policy, and public service, which were traditionally strong in Europe.
To provide a major example, state-led mod- els of industrial policy enjoyed considerable support from the 1960s until the 1980s.
, financial and regulatory) to take advantage of the new large European market, thereby representing a form of EU industrial policy or even grand projet.
The prin- ciple of competition has also gained a predominant place in much of the EU's debates and discourse about its regulation of markets, in both general-competition policy and individual economic sectors.28 It overshadows other policy objectives, whereas industrial policy has increasingly become marginalized or excluded as illegitimate (notably on grounds of constituting state aid and an impediment to 'fair com- petition').
Yet, the model also promises an apparently politically neutral and technical mode of governance, operating through the impersonal processes of 'the market' and legal rules (as opposed to traditional industrial policy, in which political choices were made about supporting selected firms).
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